Section 3: Reference Materials

Reference #3: Types and Levels of Participation

There are many ways in which partic ipation can be classified, e.g.,

1. involvement in project planning and delivery, vs. involvement as beneficiaries;
2. a continuum from passive participation to active participation in project planning and implementing;
3. involvement at various points of project implementation, e.g., planning, implementing, monitoring, etc.;
4. involvement at the decision-making level vs. involvement at the implementation level;
5. short-term involvement vs. long-term involvement.

Participation in Project Planning and Implementation
There are many types of participation, ranging from passive to active.

1. Observation (passive participation)
2. Providing information
3. Exchange of ideas (consultations)
4. Contributing funds or material resources
5. Providing services (active participation in operations)

Participation in Project Benefits

1. Knowledge benefits
2. Social benefits
3. Economic benefits

Participation at Different Points in the Project Cycle

1. Planning
2. Implementing
3. Monitoring

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